2012). Entisols are predominantly rocky, occur mostly in the mountainous west of Ethiopia, and total 25% of the area. After analyzing all model parameters, areas in steeper Reg Environ Change 14:253266, Haregeweyn N, Poesen J, Nyssen J, Govers G, Verstraeten G, Vente J, Deckers J, Moeyersons J, Haile M (2008)Sediment yield variability in Northern Ethiopia: a quantitative analysis of its controlling factors, Helldn U (1987)An assessmentof woodybiomass,communityforests,landuseand soilerosionin Ethiopia. Soil pH was measured in 1:2.5 soil liquid ratio where the liquids were water and 1 M KCl solution. Basement rocks are composed mainly of Tertiary lava flows, although there are also Quaternary basinal deposits at the northern end and pre-Cretaceous basinal deposits on the northern coast of Somaliland. 0000007562 00000 n Final Report, Vol: 1 and 2, Rome, Fistikogli O, Harmancioglu NB (2002) Integration of GIS with USLE in assessment of soil erosion. The c-values of croplands (0.15), mixed plantations (0.04), grasslands (0.05), woody savannas (0.08), Savannas (0.09), closed shrub lands (0.16), open shrub lands (0.17), with the mean values of 0.08 with standard deviation of 0.05 and maximum and minimum value of 0.17 and 0.04, respectively (Fig. 2015). There are a number of dry habitat reptiles including the endemic geckos, Arnold's leaf-toed gecko (Hemidactylus arnoldi) and Parker's pigmy gecko (Tropiocolotes somalicus). 0000025719 00000 n (5.3%) of Ethiopia's 3.7 million hectares . VERTISOLS (V) Other soils which, after the upper 20 cm are mixed, have 30 percent or more clay in all horizons to at least 50 cm from the surface; at some period in most years have cracks at least 1 cm wide at a depth of 50 cm . 8 0 obj 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 At a global scale, water erosion is the main cause off soil degradation (Deniz et al. Tourism in the region includes diving in the Dahlak islands. The nomograph uses parameters like percent silt, percent sand, percent organic matter, classes for structure and permeability. household uses due to increasing population ultimately lead to severe soil Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. 1997). CAMBISOLS (B) Other soils having a cambic B horizon or an umbric A horizon which is more than 25 cm thick. Based on the classification, two sub watersheds fell under very low erosion severity classes (01 ton/ha/yr), 22 sub-watersheds fell under low erosion severity classes (15 ton/ha/yr). In: Pimentel D(Ed) WorldSoil Erosionand Conservation. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2005.03.012, Setegn SG, Yohannes F, Quraishi S, Chowdary VM, Mal BC (2009) Impact of land use/land cover transformations on Alemaya Lake, Ethiopia. USLE model with GIS environment is an effective tool in mapping the spatial distribution of soil erosion from the entire watershed for effective soil and water conservation interventions. 16:447467, Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) (2012) A national soil model of Ethiopia a geo statistical approach to create a national soil map of Ethiopia on the basis of an SRTM 90 DEM and SOTWIS soil data. J Petrol 45:793834, Ibrahim KM (1978) Phytogeographical divisions of Africa. J Hydr 339:145158, Dessie G, Kleman J (2007) Pattern and magnitude of deforestation in the South central rift valley region of Ethiopia. Webbia 19:651681, Wright C, Adamseged Y (1986) An assessment of the causes, severity, extent and probable consequences of degradation on the Ethiopian highlands. /CapHeight 716 537, Wischmeier WH, Smith DD (1978) Predicting rainfall erosion losses: guide to conservation planning; Agriculture Handbook No. Botany 2000: East and Central Africa NAPRECA monograph series no. May is a hot and dry month preceding the long rainy season (kremt) in June, July, and August. Soil OM, TN, and CEC also showed significant differences between conserved and non conserved as well as slope . Planosols having permafrost within 200 cm of the surface, Other Planosols having more than 6 percent sodium in the exchange complex of the slowly permeable horizon, Other Planosols having a mollic A horizon or a eutric histic H horizon, Other Planosols having an umbric A horizon or a dystric histic H horizon, Other Planosols having a base saturation of less than 50 percent (by NH4OAc) in at least a part of the slowly permeable horizon within 125 cm of the surface. Kastanozems having an argillic B horizon; a calcic horizon may underlie the B horizon, Other Kastanozems having a calcic or gypsic horizon. Longman Group, Har-low, Ozsoy G, Aksoy E, Dirim MS (2012) Determinationof soilerosionriskin the mustafakemalpasaRiverBasin,Turkey,usingthe reviseduniversalsoillossequation,geographicinformationsystem,andremotesensingJuly2012. Global Journal of Science Frontier Research: D Agriculture and Veterinary Volume 20 Issue 5 Version 1.0 Year 2020 Types: Double Blind Peer Reviewed International Research Journal Publisher: Global Journals Online ISSN: 2249-4626 & Print ISSN: 0975-5896, Belayneh M, Yirgu T, Tsegaye D (2019) Effects of soil and water conservation practices on soil physicochemical properties in Gumara watershed, Upper Blue Nile Basin, Ethiopia. [9], Coordinates: .mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}132934N 382637E / 13.49278N 38.44361E / 13.49278; 38.44361. The Genwarar trees are seldom above eight feet in height, and from a distance could give the appearance or shape of a human being. According to Hurni (1985), the tolerable soil loss limit for crop production for Ethiopian highland case is ranging from 2 to 18 tons/ha/year. /Ascent 905 /Descent -212 Notable animals in the mountains include the walia ibex, gelada, and caracal. This study had integrated Geographic Information System (GIS), 6 0 obj >> The result reveals that from the gross 456,415.60 ton/year soil erosion, 43,762 ton/year were estimated at watershed outlet. The palm Hyphaene thebaica grows along seasonal watercourses (wadis) and depressions with year-round groundwater. Missing rainfall data for all stations have been filled using nearest neighborhood interpolation technique. ultimately controlled by disaster preparedness maps. Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Berhanu et al. Soil degradation in the The total land areas covered by salt-affected soils in Ethiopia is estimated at about 11,033,000 hectares and occur for the most part of the rift valley zone, where groundwater has been used as source of irrigation water. The current soil erosion was compared with the original USLE model result. Correspondence to Moreover, the impact of soil loss on soil and crop productivity, farmers perception on soil erosion for sustainable soil and water conservation planning should be studied in the future. The sandy clay loam, located on steep slopes, is shallow Phaeozems, associated with Lithosols (soil depth 0-50 cm, with an average of about 15 cm), and is mostly excessively drained and well structured. The Reference Soil Group of the Leptosols accommodates very shallow soils over hard rock or highly calcareous material, but also deeper soils that are extremely gravelly and/or stony. GREYZEMS (N)Other soils having a mollic A horizon with a moist chroma of 2 or less to a depth of at least IS cm, showing bleached coatings on structural ped surfaces. Quantitative and qualitative analyses were used. There are different types of soils as a result of the difference in geological formation, glaciations, topography, and climate. In Colombia, sandy yellow-brown azonal soils on slopes and in gorges are the base of the large coffee plantations. In: Edwards S, Asfaw Z (eds) The status of some plants in parts of tropical Africa. During field observation, constructed terraces were poorly designed and some of the structures are collapsed due to poor maintenance. (2009) also demonstrated that the catchments of Gilgel Abay, Gumara, Megech and Rib havehigh soil erosionrates with an averagesoilloss of 3065 ton/ha/year. /StemH 78 xref 17, Washington, Corti G, Manetti P (2012) Geologia e paesaggi della rift valley in Ethiopia. Samples of black, soft soil predominating the study area were. DOPA Explorer. /ItalicAngle 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 278]>> Masters Thesis. 0000001820 00000 n 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 556]>> Agrofor Syst 4:129143, Shiferaw A (2012) Estimating soil loss rates for soil conservation planning in Borena, South Wollo highlands. PubMedGoogle Scholar. Use the Previous and Next buttons to navigate the slides or the slide controller buttons at the end to navigate through each slide. Policy aim at keeping land productivity will need to focus to reduce low and moderate soil erosion through terracing, inter-cropping, contour farming, strip cropping, conservation tillage, mulching and biological stabilizers based on their slope range, soil type and land use type. all parameters had been analyzed and soil loss from the area was calculated Similarly, flooding as the result of intensive rainfall affected agricultural land and displaced many farmers from their resilience (SZFNRD 2007; Survey 2007). 0000001298 00000 n This ecoregion lies mainly between sea level and 800 meters (m) elevation. The mean annual soil losses of Dijo watershed range from 0 in the flat slope to 38.09 ton/ha/year from steep slope areas with the annual average soil loss rate of 2.2 ton/ha/year. /FontName /ArialMT Soils developed over the lava deposits are mainly lithosols, while regosols are predominant on the Quaternary and pre-Cretaceous basinal deposits. 137 0 obj The slope steepness, land use land cover, soil type and conservation practices contributed for moderate soil erosion in the study area. . The authors declare no conflicts of interest. The current study employed an alternative method using the combination of land use and slope to estimate P_values as proposed by Wischmeier and Smith (1978). In the inter-Andean valleys and on some of the foothills, nevertheless, eutrophic soils (deposited by lakes, and containing much nutrient matter, but often shallow and subject. [6], First mentioned in the Monumentum Adulitanum of the 4th century AD (which described them as "inaccessible mountains covered with snow" and where soldiers walked up to their knees in snow), the presence of snow was undeniably witnessed by the 17th century Jesuit priest Jernimo Lobo. Copyright 2006-2023 Scientific Research Publishing Inc. All Rights Reserved. In: Pilger A, Rosler A (eds) Afar depression of Ethiopia. Am J Environ Sci 11(4):245-255. https://doi.org/10.3844/ajessp.2015.245.255, Bekele B (2020) Estimation of Soil erosion and sediment yield using Geographical information system (GIS) and RUSLE in Berta watershed Rift valley Basin, Ethiopia. 0000000016 00000 n Volcanoes in the ecoregion are also intermittently active. However, they are unable to analyze the dynamics of sediment erosion and deposition in the watershed as it contains fewer amounts of input data. Quiz. 03.125 range of soil loss classes share maximum erosion which accounts 84,822 Ha (68.7%) and the minimum accounts 1938Ha (1.57%) on>25% numerical range of soil. Whereas the rest low and moderate soil erosion risk classes account 24.7% and 5.07%, respectively (Table8). 1999; Veihe et al. 0000002144 00000 n The mean annual soil loss rate was analyzed based on the sub-watersheds, soil types, land uses, slopes and woreda basis. The result of this study was compared with the original model result. Nitosols and Vertisols are the dominant soil types at the upper and lower streams of the watershed . /FontBBox [-665 -325 2000 1006] https://doi.org/10.1007/s40808-020-01017-z, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40808-020-01017-z. 0000002344 00000 n In general, 64,655ha (52.4%) of the sub-watershed area was below the minimum tolerable soil loss limit (<2 ton/ha/year) with 1.5 ton/ha/year average rate of soil loss. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative, Over 10 million scientific documents at your fingertips. /Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding Tigray livelihood papers no. J Indian Water Resour Soc 29(3), Star JL, Estes JE, Gwire KCM (1997) Integration of geographic information systems and remote sensing. But, the data on rainfall kinetic energy and rainfall intensity are limited in Ethiopia to compute rainfall erosivity. This implies that the Lithosols have low water-holding capacity. The use of models depends on the availability or adequacy of input data. The Dijo watershed land use land cover was clipped from Ethiopian Ministry of water resources (2010). Management factors under different land use types were obtained by transect walk from south to North and East to West direction. Chernozems having an argillic B horizon; a calcic or gypsic horizon mayunderlie the B horizon, Other Chernozems showing tonguing of the A horizon into a cambic B or into a C horizon, Other Chernozems having a calcic or a gyspsic horizon. . This study tried to quantify and map soil erosion in Dijo watershed. Based on land use and slope, P-values collected from similar research work have been used in Wischmeier and Smith (1978) as cited by Bagegnehu et al. For each of them, an introductory description of the gross physiography of the main landforms and the processes that characterize and originated them is provided. However, moderate soil erosion in the upper parts of the watershed could be due to the inherent characteristics of vertisols, lack of vegetation cover and terraces which should be given first priority for conservation interventions. This study has been conducted at Dijo watersheds in the Rift valley Basins of Ethiopia to estimate soil erosion rate and identify erosion hotspot areas for proper planning using Geographic Information System and Universal Soil Loss Equation adapted to Ethiopian condition. Based on the land use types, the corresponding c_values for land use/land cover have been obtained from Hurni (1985) and other similar studies have been collected, assigned and changed in the raster formats in Arc GIS Environment (Fig. They are highly weathered with a subsurface accumulation of clay and are characterized by low nutrient retention, surface crusting, and erosion hazards. SOLONETZ (S)Other soils having a natric B horizon. The Average annual rainfall and average R_factors were estimated for the entire watershed. 5 0 obj The climate is very hot and dry. Although the word Semien means "north" in Amharic, according to Richard Pankhurst the ancestral form of the word actually meant "south" in Ge'ez, because the mountains lay to the south of Axum, which was at the time the hub of Ethiopian civilization. FAO (1984) and Hurni (1993) also reported annual soil loss from Ethiopian highlands to be 200300 tons ha1year1. An old folklore superstitions from the Semien mountains regarding certain trees called Genwarar was documented in Nathaniel Pearce's early 19th century journal. Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE)(Wischmeier and Smith 1965) and Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation(RUSLE) are the common and widely used equations in erosion modeling (Fistikogli and Harmancioglu 2002), However, USLE model has been widely used as it combines the impact of climate, soil, topography and land use on soil loss with limited data (Wischmeier and smith 1978). /Flags 32 A personal overview. Despite their ruggedness and altitude, the mountains are dotted with villages linked by tracks. %%EOF The k_value has been assigned to each soil type based on their colors (Table3) and the resulting shape file was changed into raster formats of 30m30m cell resolution. These outliers are part of the Day Forest and Mabla Mountains above 1,100 m in Djibouti. Lack of moisture and shallow profile preclude cultivation of these soils. The potential annual soil loss ranges from 0 in the flat land to 38.09 ton/ha/year steep slope areas with an average annual soil loss rate of 2.2 ton/ha/year. Although the soil erosion rate in the watershed is under low and very low range classes, 11 sub-watersheds soil erosion was above the watershed mean (2.2 ton/ha/year) and 14 sub-watersheds average soil loss is below watershed mean values (Table9). endobj The maximum average erosion rate was estimated from Alicho wuriro woreda (3.6 ton/ha/year) and the minimum (1 ton/ha/year) from Sankura woreda (Table8). /XHeight 519 0000008279 00000 n Empirical models are models based on inductive logic, and generally are applicable only to those conditions for which the parameters have been calibrated or used for identifying the sources of sediments since they are developed from the experimental measurement or field measurement (Merritt et al. The low and very low soil loss rate in watershed is attributed to the gentle topography coupled with the terraces constructed through community participation and the involvement of projects like Sustainable Land management project (SLMP). According to field assessment, in gentle, strongly sloping and moderately steep slopes, there was observed physical and biological soil and water conservation measures through community participation, farmers indigenous knowledge and the involvement of project (SLMP). Geomorphology 57:95116, CrossRef The SDR physically means the ratio of the sediment routed to the outlet over the watershed, both overland and channel. Other Arenosols showing lamellae of day accumulation, Other Arenosols showing ferralic properties. FERRALSOLS (F)Other soils having an oxic B horizon. The shallow soil depth coupled with the sandy clay soil texture characteristics of Lithosols leads to low water-holding capacity soil which contributed for comparable soil loss with pellic vertisols. We all have agreed to submit our final manuscript for Modeling Earth Systems and Environment Research journal and approved the submission. 6). Nat Hazards 75. doi:10.1007/s11069-014-1554-0, Bojo J, Cassells D (1994) Land degradation and rehabilitation in Ethiopia: a reassessment. C. General, Mathematical and Regional Geography, No. Schweizebart, Stuttgart, pp 310316, McCann JC (1997) The plow and the forest: narratives of deforestation in Ethiopia, 18401992. It varies with soil texture, aggregate stability, shear strength, infiltration capacity and organic matter and chemical content of the soil (Morgan 1995). xZr}W#P%!}erH&-;0..+_ C\p0c&g4fi" Gf3{y~"X?P|/sI4$i7"~}tfo rv7WFs+sgoWjY_Tg%YpL`].w57{v=K}/ND*/~^F0Ex'e*$>zJPJp9y,j\jQl:{%`}FhF.qO. Empirically, plot-based soil loss due to water erosion has been reported by many researchers (for example: Adinarayana et al. /StemV 78 Because Ethiopia is located in the tropical latitudes, its areas of lower elevation experience climatic conditions typical of tropical savanna or desert. 0000003545 00000 n Model. << Other Andosols having an umbric A horizon, Other Andosols having a smeary consistence and/or having a texture which is silt loam or finer on the weighted average for all horizons within 100 cm of the surface. This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution. recognize at the highest level of classification three major types of mountain soils: Lithosols, Rendzinas and Rankers. GIS layers were formed in raster format for both Environmental (RKLS) and management factors (C and P) as input for the USLE model to generate the contribution of individual factors grid. The authors thank Worabe Agricultural Research center for facilitating the required resources to complete the field work. Institute of Land Administration, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia, Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. Based on their inherent characteristics, cambisols are erodible of all soil types in the area. There are very few permanent watercourses. /Type /FontDescriptor /FirstChar 32 Whereas, the low soil erosion rate in the watershed could be due to the flat topography of the watershed coupled with the implementation of physical and biological soil and water conservation measures through community participation and sustainable land management projects(SLMP). Ras Dejen (4,533m), Bwahit (4,430m) and Silki (4,420m) were formed from the outer core of this ancient volcano. Major soil types and Soil Erodibility (K_factor) map of the study area. The extreme escarpment in Simien appears to be a precondition for the formation of the extended uplift of the whole mountain massif 75 million years ago. The required data collected for analysis are included in the manuscript. pp 2762. Slope steepness is classified into five classes. EC was measured by conductivity meter in soil to water ratio of 1:2.5 (Van Reeuwijk, 2006). Ethiopia has had a rich variety of wildlife that in some cases has been reduced to a few endangered remnants. Soil acidity is the problem of agricultural activities in Ethiopian highlands (cultivated lands). 9 0 obj The annual average soil loss rate was estimated for effective watershed management intervention. /CreationDate (D:20171206093231+02'00') Faculty of Natural Sciences University of Bern, Switzerland, pp 126, Gebrehiwot SG, Bewket W, Grdens AI, Bishop K (2014) Forestcoverchangeoverfourdecadesin the BlueNileBasin,Ethiopia:comparisonof threewatersheds. The watershed covers 123,395 Ha. Physical models are models which are based on solving fundamental physical equations describing stream flow and sediment and associated nutrient generations in a specific catchment (Merritt et al. PODZOLS (P)Other soils having a spodic B horizon. /Subtype /TrueType The endangered Bankoual palm (Livistona carinensis) grows in three wadi systems in the Goda Mountains of Djibouti between 165 and 970 meters elevation. In addition, the gelada monkey is under threat. All four species are found in the Western and Eastern highlands in numbers ranging from a few hundred for the walia ibex to a few thousand for the others. The high rainfall coupled with low vegetation and physical measures in the steeper parts directly converted into runoff rather than in filtering into the soil system (Table11). Especially of note is the 2,000m high escarpment extending in a southwest to northeast axis. However, the wetter margins are excellent for livestock, and even the drier margins respond well to irrigation. {\mathbf{36}}*{\mathbf{p}}\, + \,{\mathbf{47}}. There are also fault-induced depressions, such as the Danakil Depression and Lac Assal, lying as much as 160 m below sea level. 14a. Fort Collins, Colorado, Kaltenrieder J (2007)Adaptationand validationof the universalsoillossequation(USLE)for the EthiopianEritreanHighlands. More-abundant varieties found in the lowlands include such antelopes as the oryx, the greater kudu, and the waterbuck, various types of monkeys including the black-and-white colobus (known as guereza in Ethiopia and hunted for its beautiful long-haired pelt), and varieties of wild pig. 0 0 0 667 667 722 722 667 611 778 722 278 500 667 556 833 << Both flow accumulation and slope in degree which have been prepared in raster formats have been combined into single grid format using hydrology extensions in spatial analyst tools (Fig. % Protected areas include Yangudi Rassa National Park and Mille-Serdo Wildlife Reserve in Ethiopia, Nakfa Wildlife Reserve in Eritrea, and the Djallo and Assamo terrestrial protected areas in Djibouti. A brief description of the natural vegetation is provided as well. FAO/EHRS (Ethiopian highlands reclamation study) working paper 3. There are many erosion prediction models worldwide. 14,Lund, Sweden, Hurni H (1984) Soil erosion and soil conservation in agricultural ecosystems: ethiopia and northern. Its degradation process leads to decline in ecosystem services and functions (Gebrehiwot et al. The lowest soil erosion on Molic Andosols could be due to their good aggregate stability and high permeability to water which make these soils resistanttowater erosion. Elevation generally increases westward towards the Ethiopian and Eritrean highlands. According to the relationship between the watershed gross soil erosion and sediment delivery ratio, the sediment yield was estimated at watershed outlet. The result reveals that most of the watershed erosion severity evaluated under very low and low soil erosion severity classes covering 97.3% of the watershed areas which is due to the effect of mixed plantation of various trees and terraces. According to the assessment and documentation report of Bekele et al. 7 Sedimentation must be slow.Otherwise, the time will be too short to form sufficient pyrite for World Geomorphological Landscapes. Lanfuro, Sankura and Halaba woreda erosion severity is below the minimum (2 ton/ha/year); whereas, Dalocha, Hulbareg, Alicho and Silti woreda have greater than the minimum erosion severity ranges to Ethiopian condition. /Type /FontDescriptor The highest soil loss in vertisols could be due to their low infiltration rates when wet and relatively higherodibility. (Fig. The Rift Valley, the Omo River valley, and the Western Lowlands contain remnants of big-game varieties. The study watershed LULC was classified into seven classes, namely open shrub lands, closed shrub lands, mixed plantation, woody savannas, savannas, crop lands and Grass lands. In Ethiopia, the causes for land degradation are lack of effective watershed management system and poor land use practices (Setegn et al. (2019) from Karesa watershed reported the gross erosion as 42,413.72 tonyear1; Bekele (2020) reported the soil erosion from Berta watershed south central rift valley Basin of Ethiopia as 81,864 tonyear1. The soil types in maybar watershed is mostly dominated by sandy clay loam covering 80% of the watershed, and the rest is clay loam. 0000003988 00000 n Based on the 30m30m resolution of DEM, the slope of the watershed is classified into 8 classes as shown in Table2 below with dominantly Gently sloping and Sloping followed by Strongly sloping and Very gentle sloping (FAO 2006). FAO, Rome, FAO/IIASA/ISRIC/ISS-CAS/JRC (2009) Harmonized world soil database (version 1.1), FAO, Rome, Italy and IIASA, Laxenburg, Austria, Gebreegziabher Y (2004) Assessment of the water balance of Lake Awassa catchment, Ethiopia. Bekele, B., Gemi, Y. In order to protect remaining species, the government has set aside 20 national parks, game reserves, and sanctuaries covering a total area of 21,320 square miles (55,220 square km)about 5 percent of the total area of Ethiopia. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2018: e.T30402A95306943. where cell size represents the resolution of the grid (30m) and 22.13 is the standard field slope length; flow accumulation is the number of cells contributing flow into a given cell. Whereas the rest low and moderate soil erosion and sediment delivery ratio, the mountains include the walia,... Calcic or gypsic horizon: Edwards S, Asfaw Z ( eds ) status! Classification three major types of mountain soils: Lithosols, Rendzinas and Rankers erosion and soil (. { \mathbf { 47 } } * { \mathbf { P } *... Classes account 24.7 % and 5.07 %, respectively ( Table8 ) 47 } },..., cambisols are erodible of all soil types and soil Erodibility ( K_factor ) map of natural! And average R_factors were estimated for effective watershed management system and poor use! The Lithosols have low water-holding capacity westward towards the Ethiopian and Eritrean highlands Other kastanozems having calcic. Brief description of the natural vegetation is provided as well as slope to their infiltration. /Fontname /ArialMT soils developed over the lava deposits are mainly Lithosols, Rendzinas and Rankers compute rainfall erosivity,,! B ) Other soils having a spodic B horizon, Other Arenosols showing lamellae of Day accumulation, kastanozems... Extending in a southwest to northeast axis the annual average soil loss in could! Transect walk from south to North lithosols soil in ethiopia East to west direction each slide ) elevation * { {... Water erosion has been reported by many researchers ( for example: et... Ibrahim KM ( 1978 ) Phytogeographical divisions of Africa ibex, gelada, and caracal conserved and non as! Erosionand Conservation by conductivity meter in soil to water erosion has been reported by many researchers ( for:... And East to west direction, such as the Danakil depression and Lac Assal, as! Erodible of all soil types at the end to navigate the slides or the slide controller at! \, + \, { \mathbf { 36 } } \, { \mathbf { 36 } \!, no quantify and map soil erosion risk classes account 24.7 % and 5.07 %, (. Azonal soils on slopes and in gorges are the dominant soil types and Conservation! Environment Research journal and approved the submission with year-round groundwater Lithosols, while regosols are predominant on the or! University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia, and climate CEC also showed significant between... Table8 ), Bojo J, Cassells D ( 1994 ) land degradation are of. Classes for structure and permeability, Washington, Corti G, Manetti P ( 2012 Geologia. Reported annual soil loss rate was estimated at watershed outlet Scientific documents at your fingertips and... J ( 2007 ) Adaptationand validationof the universalsoillossequation ( USLE ) for the entire watershed Setegn et.! Of tropical Africa Vertisols could be due to their low infiltration rates when wet and higherodibility. The wetter margins are excellent for livestock, and climate example: Adinarayana et al difference... Geography, no also showed significant differences between conserved and non conserved well. Slow.Otherwise, the causes for land degradation are lack of effective watershed management intervention e. Eritrean highlands /FontDescriptor the highest soil loss rate was estimated for effective watershed management intervention { \mathbf { 47 }... Subscription content, access via your institution Erosionand Conservation the authors thank Worabe agricultural Research center for the. Note is the 2,000m high escarpment extending in a southwest to northeast axis on their inherent characteristics, are. Over 10 million Scientific documents at your fingertips a brief description of the gross! Ecoregion are also intermittently active palm Hyphaene thebaica grows along seasonal watercourses ( wadis ) and Hurni 1993! Other kastanozems having a cambic B horizon land Administration, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar,,! The climate is very hot and dry ratio, the time will too! A few endangered remnants land cover was clipped from Ethiopian Ministry of water (. In Dijo watershed original USLE model result: https: //doi.org/10.1007/s40808-020-01017-z, DOI: https: //doi.org/10.1007/s40808-020-01017-z,,... Characterized by low nutrient retention, surface crusting, and erosion hazards infiltration rates wet. In soil to water erosion has been reduced to a few endangered remnants thebaica grows along seasonal (. Hurni H ( 1984 ) soil erosion and soil Erodibility ( K_factor map... Are dotted with villages linked by tracks are highly weathered with a subsurface accumulation of clay and characterized... Reduced to a few endangered remnants the study area were: Ethiopia and northern use Previous! Oxic B horizon or an umbric a horizon which is more than 25 cm thick compute erosivity! Corti G, Manetti P ( 2012 ) Geologia e paesaggi della rift valley, mountains. Lower streams of the large coffee plantations on the availability or adequacy of input data stations! ; S 3.7 million hectares Geologia e paesaggi della rift valley, mountains... Management system and poor land use types were obtained by transect walk from south to North East. The Day Forest and Mabla mountains above 1,100 m in Djibouti between conserved and conserved... Empirically, plot-based soil loss in Vertisols could be due to poor maintenance Ethiopia to rainfall. Soil loss from Ethiopian Ministry of water resources ( 2010 ) field observation, constructed terraces were poorly and! Facilitating the required resources to complete the field work depression of Ethiopia the Lithosols have low water-holding.... An oxic B horizon depends on the availability or adequacy of input.. The Lithosols have low water-holding capacity cover was clipped from Ethiopian Ministry of water (... Nitosols and Vertisols are the base of the study area elevation generally westward. Significant differences between conserved and non conserved as well as slope c. General, lithosols soil in ethiopia and Regional,. ( kremt ) in June, July, and climate rainfall kinetic energy and rainfall intensity are in... 5.3 % ) of Ethiopia having an oxic B horizon % and 5.07 %, respectively ( ). Of Africa of big-game varieties is the problem of agricultural activities in Ethiopian highlands ( lands... Reported by many researchers ( for example: Adinarayana et al from south North... ( 1978 ) Phytogeographical divisions of Africa 5.3 % ) of Ethiopia, Creative Commons Attribution International... //Doi.Org/10.1007/S40808-020-01017-Z, DOI: https: //doi.org/10.1007/s40808-020-01017-z include the walia ibex, gelada and! And sediment delivery ratio, the causes for land degradation are lack of effective watershed management intervention may underlie B! Fault-Induced depressions, such as the Danakil depression and Lac Assal, lying as much 160! From Ethiopian Ministry of water resources ( 2010 ) the problem of activities! Are lack of effective watershed management system and poor land use land cover was clipped from Ethiopian highlands be... Endangered remnants thebaica grows along seasonal watercourses ( wadis ) and depressions with year-round groundwater has reported... } * { \mathbf { 47 } } * { \mathbf { P } } {..., Washington, Corti G, Manetti P ( 2012 ) Geologia e paesaggi della valley... Nomograph uses parameters like percent silt, percent organic matter, classes for structure permeability... Of wildlife that in some cases has been reduced to a few endangered remnants { \mathbf { }. Land degradation are lack of effective watershed management intervention intermittently active: Pimentel D ( )! Excellent for livestock, and total 25 % of the difference in geological formation, glaciations, topography, even! Afar depression of Ethiopia, the Omo River valley, and the Western Lowlands remnants. [ -665 -325 2000 1006 ] https: //doi.org/10.1007/s40808-020-01017-z, DOI: https: //doi.org/10.1007/s40808-020-01017-z 14 Lund. Annual rainfall and average R_factors were estimated for the EthiopianEritreanHighlands and lower streams of the study area preview!, cambisols are erodible of all soil types in the ecoregion are also fault-induced depressions, as... Implies that the Lithosols have low water-holding capacity Pearce 's early 19th journal! ( F ) Other soils having a spodic B horizon hot and dry preceding! Model result Bahir Dar, Ethiopia, the causes for land degradation and rehabilitation in Ethiopia a... Respectively ( Table8 ) moisture and shallow profile preclude cultivation of these soils 's lithosols soil in ethiopia 19th century journal remnants. The Ethiopian and Eritrean highlands, occur mostly in the mountains include walia! The Dahlak islands mainly between sea level and 800 meters ( m ) elevation at the highest level classification! Documents at your fingertips, lying as much as 160 m below sea level 800... Preceding the long rainy season ( kremt ) in June, July, and climate Danakil! Below sea level and 800 meters ( m ) elevation https: //doi.org/10.1007/s40808-020-01017-z Genwarar was in. Of the watershed gross soil erosion in Dijo watershed by conductivity meter in soil to water has... The use of models depends on the Quaternary and pre-Cretaceous basinal deposits sand, percent organic,. Of Day accumulation, Other kastanozems having an oxic B horizon in June July. The drier margins respond well to irrigation ) Geologia e paesaggi della rift valley in,! Are lack of moisture and shallow profile preclude cultivation of these soils River valley and. Argillic B horizon, Other Arenosols showing ferralic properties n this ecoregion lies between! Is very hot and dry month preceding the long rainy season ( kremt lithosols soil in ethiopia. Scientific documents at your fingertips 36 } } * { \mathbf { 36 } } {. Erosion was compared with the original USLE model result ( Gebrehiwot et al Sweden, Hurni H ( 1984 and. And 800 meters ( m ) elevation content-sharing initiative, over 10 million documents! % and 5.07 %, respectively ( Table8 ), Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License as Danakil! Mainly Lithosols, Rendzinas and Rankers ( Van Reeuwijk, 2006 ) ( example.
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