According to Cameron's psychiatric analysis of the German people, they were not suitable to have children or hold positions of authority because of a genetic tendency to organize society in a way that fostered fearsome aggression and would lead to war rather than peace; he would repeatedly use the German as the archetypal character structure on which to ground the most psychologically deviant humans. In his analysis, culture and society played a crucial role in the ability for one to function according to the demands necessary for human survival. Amory: Marian was 5 years old when her mom was admitted to the Allan for what she thinks was postpartum depression. So we dont have access to Cameron's thoughts on his own legacy. She wasn't able to joke and laugh She would blurt out something like: 'We must do the right thing!'" In 2020, director Stephen Bennett released "Eminent Monsters," a film that examined the link between Cameron's work and the torture techniques used by organizations around the world, including the CIA. I mean, he was that much of a scientist. It was the start of a series of experiments backed by the British, the Americans, and the Canadians, and they wanted to know what prolonged sensory deprivation actually did to a person. And it's still hugely controversial: In 2019, The New York Times published drawings done by prisoners who had been subjected to these torture methods at Guantanamo Bay, and it's not for the faint of heart. He served as president of the American Psychiatric Association (19521953), Canadian Psychiatric Association (19581959),[2] American Psychopathological Association (1963),[3] Society of Biological Psychiatry (1965)[4] and the World Psychiatric Association (19611966). He clearly had his mind set on doing unorthodox research long before the Agency front started to fund him. Amory: What was your father like as a dad? Police, hospitals, government, and schools would need to use the correct psychiatric authority to stop mental contagions from spreading. More about the Cameron family name; Sponsored by Ancestry. A stronger personality would be able to maintain itself in heavy industrial situations, he theorised, while the weaker would not be able to cope with industrial conditions. Marian Read: So for me, the importance of all of this is to get it out of the shadows of pulp fiction, you know Amory: This is Marian Read. Amory: The answer might be in the idea of brainwashing itself. (laughter). She went from apartment to apartment, mental hospital to mental hospital. He spoke about Germans, but also to the larger portion of the society that resembled or associated with such traits. For example, something like rock music could be created by mentally ill people and would produce mentally ill people through infection, which in turn would be transmitted to the genes. John Marks: There must have been clinical documents. That was just something we wanted to get clarification on. She was a former captain of the Scottish field hockey team, a competitive tennis player,[11] and lecturer in mathematics at the University of Glasgow. He served as president of the American Psychiatric Association , Canadian Psychiatric Association ,[2] American Psychopathological Association . We shouldn't have done it, I'm sorry we did it.". In his analysis, German culture was made up of people who had the need for status, worshipped strict order and regimentation, desired authoritarian leadership and had a deeply ingrained fear of other countries. And you can get a real sense of your own, where you are in the world. His goal was to standardize his treatment, and once he did it for schizophrenia, he believed he would open a "gateway through which we might pass into a new field of psychotherapeutic methods." Do you remember that? Alison Steel won compensation for her mother's misery in 2017, says the CBC: $100,000 in exchange for ending legal action. In this manner, somatic causes could be compared. sister. He recruited psychoanalysts, social psychiatrists and biologists globally to develop the psychiatry program at McGill[12] From its beginning in 1943, the Allan Memorial Institute was run on an "open door" basis, allowing patients to leave if they wished, as opposed to the "closed door" policy of other hospitals in Canada in the early 1940s. In 1946, Cameron introduced the practice of the day hospital, the first of its kind in North America, permitting patients to remain at home while receiving treatment at the institute during the day, thus avoiding unnecessary hospitalization and allowing the patients to maintain ties with their community and family. Donald Hebb the psychiatrist who started the whole mess with his sensory deprivation experiments had even less kind things to say: "Cameron was irresponsible criminally stupid. Those who are privileged to know him, even briefly, will not soon forget the warmth and kindliness of this understanding man.. He told The Scotsman: "Cameron's entire focus seemed to shift after the Nuremberg Trials. Just as Sigrid Schultz stated in Germany will try it again, Cameron fostered a fear for Germans and their genetic determination. Donald Ewen Cameron ((1901-12-24)24 December 1901 (1967-09-08)8 September 1967)[1] was a Scottish-born psychiatrist. She never did get her children back. Marian believes all of this was a result of her mother going into the Allan. Donald Ewen Cameron (19011967) was born in Scotland in 1901 and graduated from the University of Glasgow in 1924. Ben: But do you even though you had nothing to do with it do you have any feelings of sadness about those folks and what they've gone through? Ben: But Duncan is still, in some ways, trying to defend his dads honor. [37], Whether or not Cameron was aware that funding for his experiments was coming from the CIA is unclear; it has been argued that he would have carried out the exact same experiments if funding had come from a source without ulterior motives. Duncan: They got close to the top and James looked around and my father had passed away. He studied Medicine at the University of Glasgow and obtained his degree in 1924. . (McCoy, 2007) Indeed, Hebb and Camerons contribution as pioneers who designed the psychological paradigm for torture used by the CIA was acknowledged by The McGill Daily, in 2012. She's the exception, though, and the CBC says that 2020 saw others like Lana Ponting, who was just 16 when she was sent to the sleep room hoping that year, it would finally be their year, thanks to a class action lawsuit filed in 2019. And he was searching for ways of doing something about them. Advancing Voluntary, Informed Consent to Medical Intervention, Cameron was an internationally prominent psychiatrist who developed torture techniques on his involuntary hospitalized patients mostly women. (Rubenstein LS. Ben: Perhapsthis is Dr. Cameron's most enduring legacy. The goal, says CBC, was to reduce the patient to what was called a "childlike state," with some people destroyed so completely that they could no longer walk, talk, or dress themselves Shoelaces? I'm sure that they loved him very much and knew him in a very different way. . Click here for the donation page. Ben: Her dad couldnt afford childcare, so soon after Marians mother went into the Allan, social services took Marian and her two younger brothers away because there was no parent to take care of them. Amory: With the information we do have about Cameron, we know this: his so-called treatment didnt cure mental illness, and it didnt control peoples minds. Kinzer: This idea of some evil scientists taking control of someone else's mind is a wonderfully appealing trope, and it's been used repeatedly in very popular movies and books and stories. Amory: Were bringing you the last installment of our special series: Madness The secret mission for mind control and the people who paid the price. In 1943, Cameron was invited to McGill University in Montreal by neurosurgeon Dr Wilder Penfield. The lawsuits were dismissed, even though it was later shown . He began to develop the discipline of social psychiatry which concentrated on the roles of interpersonal interaction, family, community and culture in the emergence and amelioration of emotional disturbance. Cameron stated, "Get it understood how dangerous these damaged, sick personalities are to ourselves and above all, to our children, whose traits are taking form and we shall find ways to put an end to them." And he has a much different memory of how it all went down. She said she received 12 boxes of her husbands papers after he died, but that, quote, If I had these papers, I wouldnt necessarily let you see them. He also organized the structure of mental health services in the western half of the province, establishing 10 functioning clinics; this model was used as the blueprint for similar efforts in Montreal and a forerunner of 1960s community health models. You know, my job was to look out for the cops. Amory: But even on their long drives from Montreal to upstate New York, Duncan says his dad never really talked about work. Duncan: He probably did, but I dont think I could remember the specifics of it. [27] Such consequences included incontinence, amnesia, forgetting how to talk, forgetting their parents, and thinking their interrogators were their parents. Please note . Ben: As for the CIAs MK-ULTRA program itself, it never had an official end date. And you see this actual physical manual on how to break down the human mind. [33] The son of one of Cameron's patients noted in a memoir that other than Ed Broadbent and Svend Robinson, no Canadian MP brought up the issue in the House of Parliament. Their diagnosis was amnesia and hysteria, per a short commentary in the Journal of the American Medical Association. It's hardwired into the brain. Amory: But Cameron was publishing articles and giving speeches about his work throughout his life. And I think you have, as much as love that you had for him you also had respect for him. with distinction from the University of Glasgow in 1936.[8]. Amory: Immortal Technique is rapping about it: Ben: But for those who have had to deal with the fallout of MK-ULTRA on a personal level, the fact that the program rarely gets discussed outside the realm of pop culture can feel discouraging. He did and he got it. Part of Camerons plan for his patients was to wipe their minds clean, to make them forget their past, so they could move forward. Hebb submitted his findings to the CIA, and it ended up being just the beginning. In 1984, New Scientist reported on a lawsuit filed on behalf of some of the people who ended up a part of MKUltra's Sub-project 68. [1] In papers published during this time he linked RNA to memory. His support of Charles Edward Stuart was instrumental in the Jacobite Rising of 1745 Lochiel and the Jacobite cause It describes various personalities that he believed were of marked danger to all members of society. Amory: In spite of Camerons ambition and prestige, he never helped find a cure for mental illness, he never won a Nobel Prize for psychiatry. In some cases, applicants couldn't prove the conditions they currently lived with were a direct result of what they went through at Allan, and in others, they were treated outside of the time frame. Sarah Anne Johnson: I imagine this is very difficult for his family. The legacy can be seen in the torture techniques employed in Northern Ireland and in Guantanamo Bay. Not only was Ewen Cameron running the Allan Memorial, but he was leading psychiatric organizations, he was teaching at McGill University, and he was still seeing private patients. Harvey: Here he is trying to reach the peak, trying to climb the mountain, reach this goal. In other words, torture. Lloyd has continued to fight for recognition, recompense, and an apology. Cameron wrote that mental illness was transmitted generationally; thus, the re-occurrence of mental illness could be stopped by remodeling and expanding existing concepts of marriage suitability, as well as the quarantine of mentally ill individuals from the general population. He is largely known today for his central role in unethical medical experiments, and development of psychological and medical torture techniques for the CIA. If we can succeed in inventing means of changing their attitudes and beliefs, we shall find ourselves in possession of measures which, if wisely used, may be employed in freeing ourselves from their attitudes and beliefs in other fields which have greatly contributed to the instability of our period by their propensity for holding up progress, In Cameron's book Life is For Living, published in 1948, he expressed a concern for the German race in general. The line between fantasy and reality blurred. Many spent this period of time in what he called the "sleep room," where they were drugged into a medically-induced coma that they were brought out of only to be given three meals a day and the occasional trip to the bathroom. According to what his son, Duncan, told WBUR, it was 1967 when he decided to climb Street Mountain in the Adirondacks. And in a sense, that's what he wanted to do professionally. People Projects Discussions Surnames . Sir Ewen Cameron of Lochiel, 17t. Amory: Sarah Anne Johnson, whose grandmother Val Orlikow was a patient of Ewen Camerons, has a response to Duncan that, considering what her family has been through as a result of his fathers experimentation, is surprising. Amory: Duncan also has an easy, quiet smile. He died three years later. Any documents that related to patient treatment were destroyed? Psychiatric experimentation: the lessons or history, The Journal of the California Alliance for the Mentally Ill, 1994, Vol. He never got one. One of the weirdest chapters in U.S. history was approved on April 13, 1953, and any time anyone says anything about "the good ol' days," when things were just better, simpler, and kinder, well, point to MKUltra and say, "Check out this madness!" "A number of experiments at McGill University.". The Guardian talked to Alison Steel, Jean's daughter and one of the many family members trying to shine a light on what was done to their loved ones without their consent. Donald Hebb and Ewen Cameron were competitors; they did not collaborate, though Cameron incorporated Hebbs sensory isolation techniques into his own diabolical arsenal of psychiatrys instruments of torture. Duncan: Well, that's a big subject. Amory: Ben and I are in an apartment in Washington D.C. thats bursting with morning light and books, and were flipping through some of our hosts old family photos. And the funeral was yet another opportunity for Marian and her siblings to learn more about the mother who had been absent for so much of their childhoods. Although Cameron rejected the Freudian notion of the unconscious, he shared the Freudian idea that personal psychology is linked to the nervous nature. [citation needed] He furthermore wanted to understand the problems of memory caused by aging, believing that the aged brain experienced psychosis. With the results of the Manhattan project, Cameron feared that without proper re-organization of society, atomic weapons could fall into the hands of new, fearsome aggressors. We collect and match historical records that Ancestry users have contributed to their family trees to create each person's profile. And here I am looking much younger than I am now. And he was always very fascinated by what the future held for us all. Joseph Rauh Jr. was one of the attorneys that represented the group who filed lawsuits in the mid-1980s. Thank you! There is no such thing as closure. The human significance of his dark legacy was brought to public attention when nine of his Canadian victims filed lawsuits in 1980s twenty-one years after Camerons death. David Cameron's grandfather Ewen Donald Cameron (1906-1958) was a City of London figure who became a director at the stock brokerage house Panmure Gordon. To see some of the things that have happened are very upsetting. Amory: What we know of Camerons work comes from family accounts like Marian's, a few hard-won medical documents, and detailed descriptions of his techniques from his own journal articles and speeches. Like in Nicaragua, where he was The New York Times Bureau Chief. That's absolutely the stuff of a terrifying Netflix horror series, but it was very real and it destroyed an unknown number of lives. Pregnant with son Lloyd, Esther was kept in a drug-induced coma in the sleep room for a month, where she lost 13 pounds. AIan Cameron followed in the footsteps of his father and became a director at Panmure Gordon in 1957. In 1951 a few years before the U.S. government and the CIA approved MKUltra there was a top secret meeting held at Montreal's Ritz-Carlton. They stressed how they'd been unwilling participants, and that they'd gone to the institute for other issues. [39], Social and intrapsychic behaviour analysis, Cameron and Freud: civilization and discontents. Ben: Today we grapple with Dr. Ewen Camerons legacy. Did it work? Her family sued, first based on the treatment alone, then again, after discovering she was a part of the MKUltra program. He came up with the idea that if he presented the world and confronted the Germans with the atrocities committed during the war, the world and the Germans would refrain from repeated acts of extreme aggression. Amory: Nearly everyone who experienced Camerons treatments first-hand has since died. Amory: They bounced around between foster homes and orphanages for years, experienced emotional and physical abuse. They also asked him for clarification about what happened to his father's personal papers and patient records, and he replied, "Well, I didn't destroy the documents. Particularly because we put that question to him today. Our username is. Amory: Marians mom died three ago. In some cases, the same phrases reappear all through these. Anyone with any appreciation of the complexity of the human mind would not expect that you could erase an adult mind and then add things back with this stupid psychic driving. [34], Naomi Klein states in her book The Shock Doctrine that Cameron's research and his contribution to MKUltra were not about mind control and brainwashing, but "to design a scientifically based system for extracting information from 'resistant sources.' This third type needs, This page was last edited on 16 February 2023, at 19:10. Cameron quickly found patients didn't want to listen to the messages. It is true. [citation needed]. At least, until after Cameron left the Allan. He tried a variety of things, including multiple electroshock therapy sessions a day and massive doses of drugs including LSD. [citation needed] Characteristics were thus diagnosed as syndromes emerging from the brain. Cameron further argued that "the weak" must not influence children. [29], Sid Taylor stated that Cameron used curare to immobilise his patients during his research. Amory: And I think you may have given a deposition for that. Amory: And, they delivered, with a full transcript of Duncans deposition from November, 1983. Jean Steel was another one of Cameron's patients, and like the others she didn't sign up to be a part of MKUltra, depatterning, or psychic driving at all. She very slowly recovered mostly and died in 2017. "He was supposed to do wonders with people with depression or mental health issues." It's Boston local news in one concise, fun and informative email. And I recall going through them and *taking out* several papers that appeared to me to be identified or could be identified as dealing with a particular patient. Ben: But there is reason to believe that these documents arent just missing. Ben: But the Canadian and US governments could take accountability for their support of Cameron. Amory: Duncan struggles dealing with his dads legacy because he cant speak to why his dad did what he did. He had various people record the tapes sometimes including the patient's loved ones and it was, on the whole, incredibly traumatizing. I wasnt destroying documents. Amory: In the early 60s, MK-ULTRA director Sidney Gottlieb took the so-called treatments Cameron used on his patients at the Allan and brought them back to the CIA. Donald Ewen Cameron was born in Bridge of Allen, a small town in Scotland, on December 24, 1901. Anyone with any appreciation of the complexity of the human mind would not expect that you could erase an adult mind and then add things back with this stupid psychic driving., Amory: The CIA also turned its back on Cameron. Ben: Would you have anything that you would want to say to Dr. Cameron or his family? And people talk about the transmission of trauma through generations. . Allan Cameron. Duncan: Well, I think that I would feel sad about that. Duncan Cameron: No. And here he is with me many years ago. Stephen: So they created a manual, which basically was for intelligence personnel. Cameron believed firmly in clinical psychiatry and a strict scientific method. In Cameron, the CIA had a psychiatrist, conveniently outside the United States, who was willing to do terminal experiments in electroshock, sensory deprivation, drug testing, and all of the above combined. If I put you through this program, within 24 hours to 48 hours you'll be in a diagnosable psychotic state. Who hasnt talked about this in a long time. Duncan: No, he had some peculiar hobb-- he loved science fiction. Kinzer: Later on, it became the basis for manuals that the CIA provided in the 1980s to police forces in Latin America that were known to practice torture. Amory: Duncan, one of the two lawyer sons, admits hes familiar with those 12 boxes of papers, and then explains what happened to them. Harvey Weinstein: Complicated question, we all have motivations for the things that we do. The described types were the enemies of society and life. Other similar psychiatric diagnoses of Germany were published during this time. Its not a very popular mountain to climb, its steep. Today, we're talking to one of the only people who will stand up for Dr. Cameron. Amory: This is from The Adirondack Daily Enterprise, is the name of the paper. The mentally ill were thus labelled as not only sick, but also weak. But we do have his son, Duncan Cameron. In 1963, the CIA published the Kubark Counterintelligence Interrogation manual, and that's exactly what it sounds like guidelines on how to get people to talk. He first solved the problem by wiring the speakers into football helmets and locking them onto patients' heads, but that ended up being not ideal. Ewen married Agnes Cameron (born Bell) in 1867, at age 35 at marriage place. Heres John Marks again. Take a guess. The second part of the technique was inspired by something called the Cerebrophone, which was essentially a "learn-while-you-sleep" recording device. Jim Turner: The most salient point that I recall is that Camerons son told us that he'd taken his father's private records and had destroyed them. Memorials. Marian: There was a picture of my mom there and somebody commented, Ugh that's the Johanna that's her name I remember. And my sister looked at him and said, But what was she like? Everyone who makes a monthly donation will get access to upcoming bonus content from the making of our series. If you haven't heard Parts 1 through 4 yet, you can find them here, here,here,and here. And they are still being asked to by victims and their families, 60 years later. Ben: So its fitting that, today, most of what people hear about the CIAs search for mind control also seems to come from fantasy and popular fiction. Heads up that some elements (i.e. In the late 1940s and early 1950s, Cameron continued his work on memory and its relationship to aging. Agnes was born in 1844, in Richmond Victoria Australia. Ben: Jims right. His list of credentials was so long it's impossible to list them all, but for starters, his resume included the University of Glasgow and Johns Hopkins, and in the 1930s, he was lauded for setting up a series of psychiatric clinics. Traces of some survived, including documentation on Sub-project 42 also known as Operation Midnight Climax and sub-project 68. The psychiatric community could have questioned his methods, but they remained silent. [26] His "psychic driving" experiments consisted of putting a subject into a drug-induced coma for weeks at a time (up to three months in one case) while playing tape loops of noise or simple statements. 1967-09-08 ) 8 September 1967 ) [ 1 ] was a result of her mother going into the for... 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